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Luz grew up in a large extended working-class Atlas toggle necklace with cousins who were "more like sisters." Suzannah grew up in a middle-class home, with a twin sister. Both families of origin have been warmly embracing of Suzannah and Luz's family, although Luz's father has been openly disparaging of Kyle's "sissy" behavior. He says that Kyle hasn't learned how to be a boy because all he has are female role models. Suzannah says, "Luz is not exactly a typical female role model." Indeed, Luz responds, "he didn't learn how to be girly from me!" Ramone, their oldest child, is 12-year's old and presents as a "typical" boy, without any obvious gender non-conformity. Kyle has always rejected any attempts for Ramone to bond with him or play sports; he prefers to be close to his sister Lucinda, age 8. Lucinda is far from a traditional girl, and tends to Paloma's Twist necklace more "girly" games with Kyle than she does with her own friends. Suzannah says, "We raised all the children the same. They all just turned out different."The very existence of LGBTQ-headed families challenges heterosexist social norms; the performity of a two-mom or two-dad family, the presence of a parent who has legally changed sex, and the visual embodiment of masculine mothers and feminine fathers raises questions about how LGBTQ parents actually incorporate and subvert constructs of gender into their intimate relationships and parenting dynamics. Nowhere is this more harshly judged than in the rules about how parents are supposed to "do gender," and how children (whose parents have presumably taught them how to "do gender" appropriately) will do gender themselves.

Regarding the transmission of gender roles, LGBTQ Venetian Link necklace are caught between two contrasting images: "they are portrayed as either inherently different from, or essentially the same as, heterosexual families" (Clarke, 2000, p. 275). Lesbians are either seen as a threat to heternormativity because they are militant, anti-male feminists, or as especially safe caregivers because they are two loving, nurturing women, who are unlikely to be sexually abusive (Hicks, 2000). Gay men are also caught between these two contrasting images. On one hand they do not have women's "natural" ability to care for children, are perceived as sexually (over)active and potentially predatory and, like lesbians, too political; on the other hand they are more maternal and more feminine than heterosexual men (Hicks, 2006). The underlying assumption is that gay men and lesbians are different in some essential way from heterosexual people, and this difference implicates their aberrant gender expression. Therefore, they are unable to model appropriate gender behavior to their children, for example, the assumption that gay fathers are unable to bathe their daughters or discuss puberty and menstruation (Hicks, 2006).

Same-sex parents are also accused of lacking opposite Tiffany 1837 I.D. lanyard role models in their children's lives, as if gendered roles were not ubiquitous throughout the culture and the media. Implicit in this assumption is the idea that lesbian and gay men do not have friends and family members of the opposite sex, and more importantly, that opposite sex role models are necessary for healthy gender development. Interestingly, Johnson and O'Connor (2002) reported that only a few of the participants in their research on lesbian and gay parents were concerned about the absence of opposite-sex role models. Saffron (1996) persuasively argued that the assumption that every child needs a male role model "seems to suggest that any model of maleness is preferable to none" (p. 186), highlighting the pervasive social anxiety about the dangers of being reared without a father, and suggesting that the very presence of a male is more important than the quality of his parenting.